SUBTOPIC 1: BADMINTON

1.Badminton is a game where you have to keep the shuttle cock in touching your court. This game can be played individually or in pair. It uses a racquet, and a shuttle cock.

2.This game enhances someone’s agility, running and targeting skills.

3.Safety precautions in playing Badminton:

Clothing that is not too tight to avoid restricted movements

WARM -UP EXERCISE:

1. Breathing Exercise

Purpose: Prepares the lungs and heart for physical activity by regulating breathing.

How: Stand still, inhale deeply through the nose, hold for a few seconds, then exhale slowly through the mouth. Repeat 5 times.

2. Neck Bending

Purpose: Loosens neck muscles and reduces stiffness.

How: Slowly tilt the head forward, backward, and sideways (left and right). Hold each position for 5 seconds.

3. Shoulder Rotation

Purpose: Warms up shoulder joints, which are vital for smashing and clearing in badminton.

How: Rotate both shoulders forward and backward in circular motion, 10 times each direction.

4. Arms Circling

Purpose: Activates arms and shoulder joints.

How: Extend arms sideways and rotate in small and big circles, forward and backward, 10 times each.

5. Hip Bending

Purpose: Warms up the lower back and hip area for agility and lunges.

How: Stand straight, bend forward from the hips while keeping legs straight. Repeat 10 times.

6. Half Knee Bend (Half Squat)

Purpose: Warms up thigh and knee muscles for fast movement and sudden stops.

How: Stand with feet shoulder-width apart, bend knees halfway as if sitting, then return to standing. Do 10 repetitions.

7. Foot Rotation

Purpose: Prepares ankles for quick footwork and prevents sprains.

How: Lift one foot slightly and rotate the ankle clockwise and counterclockwise. Repeat on both feet.

HOW TO PLAY:

1.  A game starts with a coin toss. Whoever wins the toss gets to decide whether they would serve or receive first OR what side of the court they want to be on. The side losing the toss shall then exercise the remaining choice.

2.  A serve must carry cross court (diagonally) to be valid.

3.  During the serve, a player should not touch any of the lines of the court until the server strikes the shuttlecock. During the serve the shuttlecock should always be hit from below the waist.

4. A point is added to a player's score as and when he wins a rally.

5.  A player wins a rally when he strikes the shuttlecock, and it touches the floor of the opponent's side of the court or when the opponent commits a fault. The most common type of fault is when a player fails to hit the shuttlecock over the net, or it lands outside the boundary of the court.

6.  Each side can strike the shuttlecock only once before it passes over the net. Once hit, a player can't strike the shuttlecock in a new movement or shot.

Important reminders:

1.At no time during the game should the player touch the net, with his racquet or his body.

2.The shuttlecock should not be carried on or come to rest on the racquet.

3.A player should not reach over the net to hit the shuttlecock.

4.The shuttlecock hitting the ceiling is counted as a fault.

BASIC SKILLS IN BADMINTON

1. Footwork – Quick and precise movements are essential for reaching the shuttlecock on time.

2. Clear – A high, deep shot to push the opponent back.

3. Drop Shot – A soft shot that just passes over the net to catch the opponent off guard.

4. Smash – A powerful downward shot used to finish a rally.

5. Drive – A flat, fast shot exchanged in rapid rallies.

6. Net Play – Gentle shots and quick reflexes close to the net.

TWO BASIC WAYS OF GRIPPING THE RACKET

1. Forehand Grip

2. Backhand Grip

SERVING FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS

1. Before starting the game, the opponents toss a coin with the winner choosing: a. to serve first/to receive first, or b. the side

2. To begin a singles game of badminton you will serve from the right side of the  court. After the initial serve, the position depends on the server's score.

3. If your  score is even, you serve from the right and if it is odd you serve from the left.

TECHNIQUES IN PLAYING BADMINTON:

1. Varying the shots – Using a mix of clears, drops, and smashes to confuse the opponent.

2. Targeting weak spots – Hitting to the opponent’s backhand or less mobile side.

3. Good positioning – Staying at the center base to reach any part of the court quickly.

4. Consistent serving – Keeping serves low and accurate to limit the opponent’s attack.

5. Mental focus – Staying calm under pressure and maintaining concentration throughout the match.

6. Footwork efficiency – Minimizing energy use while maximizing reach and speed.

SUBTOPIC 2: VOLLEYBALL

1. Volleyball is a game where you have to keep the ball from touching your court. This game can be played individually, pairs or groups.

2. Members of a group has each role to play - outside hitter, right side hitter, opposite hitter, setter, middle blocker and libero.

3. This game enhances someone’s agility, running and targeting skills.

4. Safety precautions in playing Volleyball:

          -Clothing that is not too tight to avoid restricted movements.

          -Knee pads are recommended while playing the game.

          -For girls, hair should be kept neat.

WARM -UP EXERCISE:

-Breathing exercise

-Neck bending

-Shoulder rotation

-Arms circling

-Hip bending

-Half knee bend

-Foot rotation

-Inhale/exhale

Materials needed:

An open playing field with net, volleyball

Procedure:

1.A game starts with a coin toss. Whoever wins the toss gets to decide whether they would serve or receive first OR what side of the court they want to be on. The side losing the toss shall then exercise the remaining choice.

2.  Each member should go to their respective positions.

3.  Once the ball is served, each team should hit the ball to avoid it from touching their court.

4.  A point is added to a player's score as and when he wins a rally.

5. A player wins a rally when he strikes the ball, and it touches the floor of the opponent's side of the court or when the opponent commits a fault. The most common type of fault is when a player fails to hit the ball over the net, or it lands outside the boundary of the court.

Important reminders:

1.Carrying the ball is not allowed.

2.You should remain inside your court at all times.

BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL

1. Serve- it is the most important skill of the game. It is very important that a player takes their time,focus,concentrate and be aggressive.

TYPES OF SERVE:

1.Underhand Serve -is a type of serve in which the player holds the ball in one hand and swings the other in an arc motion below the waist and strikes the ball from the bottom with a fist to put in a play.

2. Overhand Serve-this serve is done by tossing the ball up into the air then striking it with the opposite hand above the shoulder.

3. Float Serve -this is done by contacting the ball is such a way that the ball does not spin in which makes it more likely to float.

4. Jump Serve -is a serve in which the server tosses the ball, takes an approach and jumps to spike the ball.

5. Top Spin Serve- An overhand serve with top spin is more effective and powerful. Refers to a serve which is done by tossing the ball and hitting it with a wrist span.

2. Pass- is another term for reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponents serve, or any form of attack.

3.Set- set is usually the second contact that a team makes with a ball. The main goal of setting is to put in the air in such a way that it can be driven by on as attack into the opponent’s court.

4. Attack- also known as “The Spike” is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent’s court and cannot be defended.

5. Block- refers to the action taken by a players standing at the net to stop or alter on opponent’s attack.

6. Dig- is the ability to prevent the ball from touching the ball from touching one’s court after a spike, particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground.

TECHNIQUES IN PLAYING VOLLEYBALL

1. Accurate Serving – Using float or jump serves to put pressure on the opponent from the start.

2. Effective Passing – Delivering accurate passes (especially forearm passes or "bumps") to set up plays.

3. Strategic Setting – Using quick or deceptive sets to confuse the blockers and set up successful attacks.

4. Powerful Spiking – A strong spike can score points and intimidate the opposing team.

5. Smart Blocking – Timing blocks well to stop the opponent’s attack and protect the court.

6. Court Awareness – Observing the gaps in the opponent’s defense and placing the ball there.

7. Team Communication – Talking with teammates to avoid confusion and coordinate plays.

8. Defensive Digs – Keeping the ball alive through quick reactions and proper body position.